Use of English - Multiple Choice

Urban Gridlock

For many city planners, traffic congestion is no longer seen as a temporary inconvenience but as a structural problem that affects productivity, health and quality of life. When commuters are forced to spend hours in slow-moving traffic, the consequences (0) EXTEND far beyond simple frustration. Businesses suffer when employees arrive late, and delivery schedules can be thrown (1) .......... course by even minor delays. In addition, drivers stuck in long queues often experience stress levels that build (2) .......... over time, which may in turn affect concentration and decision-making. Experts also point out that traffic jams place a heavy (3) .......... on public infrastructure and the environment. Vehicles burning fuel inefficiently while barely moving contribute (4) .......... to air pollution, particularly in densely populated areas. Although some cities have attempted to ease congestion by widening roads, this approach often fails to bring (5) .......... lasting improvement. Demand soon rises to fill the extra space. As a result, many specialists now argue that the issue should be dealt with in a more integrated way. Investment in reliable public transport, better urban design and flexible working hours can all play a (6) .......... role. Without such measures, congestion is likely to remain a serious obstacle, holding (7) .......... economic efficiency and reducing the overall appeal of city life. The challenge, therefore, lies not in eliminating traffic entirely, but in bringing it (8) .......... control.